雙語暢銷書《我是馬拉拉》第7章:穆夫提(6)

Jinnah had lived in London as a young man and trained as a barrister. He wanted a land of tolerance. Our people often quote the famous speech he made a few days before independence: ‘You are free to go to your temples, you are free to go to your mosques or to any other place of worship in this State of Pakistan. You may belong to any religion or caste or creed – that has nothing to do with the business of the state.’ My father says the problem is that Jinnah negotiated a piece of real estate for us but not a state. He died of tuberculosis just a year after the creation of Pakistan and we haven’t stopped fighting since. We have had three wars against India and what seems like endless killing inside our own country.

真納年輕的時候住在倫敦，接受過律師的訓練。他希望這裏變成一個懂得包容的國家。我們常常引用他在獨立前幾天的一場演講裏說的話：“在巴基斯坦這個國家，你可以自由地去廟宇，可以自由地去清真寺，或任何你想去的地方進行朝拜。你可以信仰任何宗教，可以來自任何階層，可以信仰任何信條或教義，這與國家一點關係都沒有。”父親說，問題出在真納爲我們爭取了一塊“土地”，而不是一個“國家”。真納在巴基斯坦建國後一年，因爲肺結核過世了。從那時候開始，我們的國家便沒有停止過戰爭。除了與印度的三次戰爭，國內也存在着看似永無止境的殺戮。

We Muslims are split between Sunnis and Shias – we share the same fundamental beliefs and the same Holy Quran but we disagree over who was the right person to lead our religion when the Prophet died in the seventh century. The man chosen to be the leader or caliph was Abu Bakr, a close friend and adviser of the Prophet and the man he chose to lead prayers as he lay on his deathbed. ‘Sunni’ comes from the Arabic for ‘one who follows the traditions of the Prophet’. But a smaller group believed that leadership should have stayed within the Prophet’s family and that Ali, his son-in-law and cousin, should have taken over. They became known as Shias, shortened from Shia-t-Ali, the Party of Ali.

穆斯林分爲遜尼派和什葉派。我們擁有共同的基本信仰，以及同一本《古蘭經》，但我們在公元7世紀先知過世以後，對於到底該由誰領導我們的信仰這件事上，無法達成共識。被選爲領導人，或稱哈里發的人，名叫阿布·伯克爾，他是先知的好友，也是先知的顧問，同時也是先知在去世之前指定的接班人。“遜尼派”一詞來自阿拉伯語，意爲：“遵從先知的傳統”。但有一小羣人認爲領導權應該要傳給先知家族的人，所以阿里——他的女婿，同時也是堂弟——應該要接管這個權力。這羣人後來成了什葉派，是Shia-t-Ali的縮寫，意思是“阿里的黨派”。

Every year Shias commemorate the killing of the Prophet’s grandson Hussein Ibn Ali at the battle of Karbala in the year 680 with a festival called Muharram. They whip themselves into a bloody frenzy with metal chains or razor blades on strings until the streets run red. One of my father’s friends is a Shia and he cries whenever he talks about Hussein’s death at Karbala. He gets so emotional you would think the events had happened just the night before, not more than 1,300 years ago. Our own founder, Jinnah, was a Shia, and Benazir Bhutto’s mother was also a Shia from Iran.

什葉派每年都會在穆哈蘭節紀念先知之孫侯賽因·伊本·阿里被殺害的日子，他死於公元680年卡爾巴拉的戰鬥中。他們會瘋狂地用金屬製的鏈條，或用繩子綁着刀片，把自己鞭打得渾身是血，直到街道都被染成了鮮紅色。父親有個什葉派的朋友，每次講到侯賽因在卡爾巴拉被殺害的事都會哭泣。他的激動程度會讓你以爲這不是發生在1300年前的事，而是昨晚纔剛發生。我們的國父真納也是什葉派的，貝·布托的母親是伊朗來的什葉派人。

Most Pakistanis are Sunnis like us – more than eighty per cent – but within that we are again many groups. By far the biggest group is the Barelvis, who are named after a nineteenth-century madrasa in Bareilly, which lies in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Then we have the Deobandi, named after another famous nineteenth-century madrasa in Uttar Pradesh, this time in the village of Deoband. They are very conservative and most of our madrasas are Deobandi. We also have the Ahl-e-Hadith (people of the Hadith), who are Salafists. This group is more Arab-influenced and even more conservative than the others. They are what the West calls fundamentalists. They don’t accept our saints and shrines – many Pakistanis are also mystical people and gather at Sufi shrines to dance and worship. Each of these strands has many different subgroups.

許多巴基斯坦人，估計超過總人口的80%，和我們一樣是遜尼派。但遜尼派之中又分裂成許多不同的羣體。目前爲止，人數最多的是巴拉維學派，這個名字取自19世紀在巴雷利的一所伊斯蘭學校，巴雷利位於印度的北方邦。接着是德奧班迪派，名稱也來自一所19世紀在北方邦德奧班德小鎮的伊斯蘭學校，他們很保守，大多數宗教學校都是這個教派的。我們還有哈迪司（《聖訓》的子民），叫作沙拉菲派。這個派別受到阿拉伯的影響較大，也比另外兩派人更加守舊。他們就是西方人稱的原教旨主義派。他們不接受我們的聖人或聖殿。許多巴基斯坦人也會潛修，他們會在蘇菲神殿跳舞及崇拜神祇。每一個派別下又會有許多分支。