（雙語）《2016中國的航天》白皮書（3）
（二）人造地球衛星
Man-made satellites
1、對地觀測衛星。“風雲”“海洋”“資源”“高分”“遙感”“天繪”等衛星系列和“環境與災害監測預報小衛星星座”進一步完善。“風雲”系列氣象衛星已形成極軌衛星上、下午星組網觀測，靜止衛星“多星在軌、統籌運行、互爲備份、適時加密”的業務格局。“海洋二號”衛星實現對海面高度、海浪和海面風場等海洋動力參數的全天時、全天候、高精度綜合觀測。“資源一號”02C星成功發射、“資源三號”01、02立體測繪衛星實現雙星組網和業務化運行。高分辨率對地觀測系統建設全面推進，“高分二號”衛星實現亞米級光學遙感探測，“高分三號”合成孔徑雷達衛星分辨率達到1米，“高分四號”衛星是中國首顆地球同步軌道高分辨率對地觀測衛星。“環境與災害監測預報小衛星星座”C星投入運行。採用星箭一體化設計的“快舟一號”“快舟二號”成功發射，提升了空間應急響應能力。“吉林一號”高分辨率商業遙感衛星成功發射並投入商業運營。
(1) Earth observation satellites. The function of the Fengyun (Wind and Cloud), Haiyang (Ocean), Ziyuan (Resources), Gaofen (High Resolution), Yaogan (Remote-Sensing) and Tianhui (Space Mapping) satellite series and constellation of small satellites for environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting has been improved. The Fengyun polar orbit meteorological satellite has succeeded in networking observation by morning and afternoon satellites, while its geostationary earth orbit (GEO) meteorological satellite has formed a business mode of “multi-satellites in orbit, coordinated operation, mutual backup and encryption at the appropriate time.” The Haiyang-2 satellite is capable of all-weather, full-time and high-accuracy observation of marine dynamic parameters such as sea height, sea wave and sea surface wind. The Ziyuan-1 02C satellite was launched, the Ziyuan-3 01 and 02 stereo mapping satellites have achieved double star networking and operating. The China High-resolution Earth Observation System program has been fully implemented; the Gaofen-2 is capable of sub-meter optical remote-sensing observation, the Gaofen-3 has a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) imaging instrument that is accurate to one meter and the Gaofen-4 is China’s first geosynchronous orbit high-resolution earth observation satellite. Satellite C of the environment and disaster monitoring and forecasting small satellite constellation has been put into use. The successful launching of the Kuaizhou-1 and Kuaizhou-2, which adopted integrated design of the satellite and the launch vehicle, has improved China’s emergency response capability in space. The Jilin-1, a high-resolution remote-sensing satellite for commercial use has been launched and put into service.
2、通信廣播衛星。全面推進固定通信、移動通信、數據中繼衛星系統建設。“亞太”“中星”等系列通信衛星成功發射，固定業務衛星通信保障體系基本建成，覆蓋中國國土及全球重點地區。首顆移動通信衛星“天通一號”成功發射。建成由三顆“天鏈一號”衛星組成的第一代數據中繼衛星系統。星地激光鏈路高速通信試驗取得圓滿成功。“東方紅五號”超大型通信衛星平臺研製進展順利。
(2) Communications and broadcasting satellites. China has comprehensively advanced the construction of fixed, mobile and data relay satellite systems. The successful launch of communications satellites such as Yatai and Zhongxing represented the completion of a fixed communications satellite support system whose communications services cover all of China’s territory as well as major areas of the world. The Tiantong-1, China’s first mobile communications satellite, has been successfully launched. The first-generation data relay satellite system composed of three Tianlian-1 satellites has been completed, and high-speed communication test of satellite-ground laser link has been crowned with success. In addition, the development of the DFH-5 super communications satellite platform is going smoothly.
3、導航衛星。北斗二號系統全面建成，完成14顆北斗導航衛星發射組網，正式向亞太地區用戶提供定位、測速、授時、廣域差分和短報文通信服務。北斗全球系統建設正在順利推進。
(3) Navigation and positioning satellites. The Beidou Navigation Satellite System (Beidou-2) has been completed, with the networking of 14 Beidou navigation satellites, officially offering positioning, velocity measurement, timing, wide area difference and short-message communication service to customers in the Asia-Pacific region. Beidou’s global satellite navigation system is undergoing smooth construction.
4、新技術試驗衛星。成功發射“實踐九號”系列衛星等技術試驗衛星，爲新技術驗證提供了重要手段。
(4) New technological test satellites. China has launched the Shijian-9 satellite series for technological experiments, providing an important way to test new technologies.
（三）載人航天
Manned spaceflight
2012年6月和2013年6月，“神舟九號”和“神舟十號”載人飛船先後成功發射，與“天宮一號”目標飛行器分別實施自動和手控交會對接，標誌着中國全面突破了空間交會對接技術，載人天地往返運輸系統首次應用性飛行取得圓滿成功。2016年9月和10月，“天宮二號”空間實驗室和“神舟十一號”載人飛船先後成功發射，形成組合體並穩定運行，開展了較大規模的空間科學實驗與技術試驗，突破掌握了航天員中期駐留、地面長時間任務支持和保障等技術。目前，中國已突破掌握載人天地往返、空間出艙、空間交會對接、組合體運行、航天員中期駐留等載人航天領域重大技術。
In June 2012 and June 2013, the Shenzhou-9 and Shenzhou-10 manned spacecraft were launched to dock with the target spacecraft Tiangong-1. They used manual and automatic operations respectively, symbolizing breakthroughs for China in spacecraft rendezvous and docking technology and full success in its first operation of a manned space transportation system. In September and October 2016, the Tiangong-2 space laboratory and Shenzhou-11 manned spacecraft were launched and formed an assembly that operates steadily, with the mission of carrying out science and technology experiments in space, indicating that China has mastered technologies concerning astronauts’ mid-term stay in orbit, and long-term ground mission support. Currently, China has mastered major space technologies such as manned space transportation, space extravehicular activity, space docking, operating in assembly and astronauts’ mid-term stay in orbit.
