優美文摘英文版
英語作文在英語考試裏面是至關重要的，小編今天給大家整理了英語的文摘，同學們快點來學習一下，這樣就可以提高一下我們的英語水平了哦，有需要的同學們可以收藏起來哦
什麼是腦震盪?
What Is A Concussion?
什麼是腦震盪?
If you follow football, hockey, soccer, or boxing, then you know that athletes in these and other contact sports are at constant risk for a concussion. Every season several football players miss a number of games after absorbing vicious blows to the head.
如果你喜歡橄欖球、橄欖球、足球或是拳擊運動，那麼你就會很清楚這些以及其他接觸性運動中的運動員常處於腦震盪的危險境地。每個賽季都有數名橄欖球運動員由於頭部遭受劇烈衝擊而缺席接下來的一系列賽事。
Blow To The Head
頭部撞擊
A concussion is a blow to the head that can result in temporary confusion, amnesia, nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, and loss of consciousness.
腦震盪是頭部受到撞擊而導致的，可能造成暫時性思維混亂，失憶，嘔吐，眩暈，視覺模糊以及失去意識。
Although a single concussion does not appear to result in structural brain damage or swelling of the brain, repeated concussions can cause both.
儘管一次腦震盪不會導致大腦結構性損傷或導致腦水腫，但是數次腦震盪可能引起上述兩種情況同時出現。
What Causes A Concussion?
造成腦震盪的原因
Concussions are caused in one of two ways: either by the head hitting a hard surface, or by the head spinning suddenly. Take, for example, a common incident during a football game. The quarterback is hit, falls backwards, and bangs his head on the turf.
造成腦震盪的原因不外乎是這兩種中的一種：頭部撞到硬物，或者頭部突然旋轉。以橄欖球賽比較普遍的事件爲例，四分衛觸地得分，朝後方倒下，其頭部就會猛烈撞擊到草坪上。
Although his skull stops suddenly upon impact, his brain, floating in cerebral fluid, keeps moving and hits the skull. Similarly, when a boxer gets hit in the head with a right hook, his head twists violently. The skull stops moving, but the brain keeps shaking for a few moments and may brush the skull.
儘管他的頭骨在受到衝擊時瞬間會保持不動，但是他大腦內的腦脊液仍然在晃動並不斷撞擊頭骨。同樣的，當一名拳擊手頭部受到一記右勾拳時，他的腦袋瞬間劇烈扭轉。頭骨停止移動，但是腦漿卻還會震動一會兒，並有可能摩擦到頭骨。
Chemical Imbalance
化學失衡
The result is a chemical imbalance in the brain. All the neurotransmitters in the damaged area fire simultaneously, causing an overload of chemicals that impair receptors involved in learning and memory. The flood of chemicals also constricts arteries, making it difficult for the damaged cells to get the nutrients they need to recover.
結果是腦部化學失衡。所有受損區域的神經傳遞素同時作用，造成腦內化學物質超負荷運轉，從而損壞學習與記憶的神經元。化學物質過多也會引起動脈收縮，導致大腦受損細胞難以吸收到利於復原的營養物質。
Because the brain can take as long as several weeks to recover from a concussion, it’s a good idea to take a break from contact sports if you’ve had one.
由於腦部需要長達數週的時間來恢復腦震盪帶來的損傷，如果你腦部受到撞擊最好還是休息一段時間再繼續參加此類接觸性運動。
什麼引起你嗓子哽咽?
What Causes A Lump In Your Throat?
什麼引起嗓子哽咽?
Often times when we cry, we feel a lump in the throat. Does a lump actually form, or is there some other explanation?
很多時候，當我們哭泣時，我們會感到哽咽。難道是真的在喉嚨中形成了塊狀物?或是有其它的解釋?
Explanation
解釋
The lump-like thing we feel when overcome by emotion has to do with how the nervous system deals with stress. The part of the nervous system that handles stress is called the autonomic nervous system. It controls bodily functions that we do not consciously control, such as digesting food and pumping blood through the heart. However, the autonomic nervous system is also important in dealing with emotional states.
我們被情緒佔據時所感受到的結塊一樣的東西與神經系統處理緊張的方式有關。神經系統中處理緊張的部分叫作自主神經系統。它能控制我們無意識地去控制的一些身體功能，比如消化食物和心臟泵血。但是，自主神經系統卻在處理情緒狀態時非常重要。
When an animal encounters a stressful situation, its autonomic nervous system kicks in to allow it to either fight or run away. It does this by increasing the flow of blood and oxygen to the necessary muscles. The same applies to humans. Even when we experience emotions such as grief or sorrow, the autonomic nervous system responds as it would to anger or fear by increasing the flow of oxygen through the body.
當動物面臨緊張情境時，自主神經系統開始起作用，使動物選擇戰鬥或是逃跑。這是通過增加輸送至必要部位肌肉的血流和氧氣來實現的。同樣的情況也適用於人類。即使我們懷揣着悲傷或傷感這類情緒時，自主神經系統也能作出響應，一如它在處理憤怒和恐懼那樣增加全身的氧氣輸送量。
Oxygen Intake
氧氣攝入
To increase oxygen intake, the autonomic nervous system makes us breath faster, and expands the glottis, the opening in the throat that allows air to flow from the larynx to the lungs. The expansion of the glottis in and of itself does not create a lumpy feeling, until we try to swallow. Since swallowing involves closing the glottis, this works against the muscles that open the glottis in response to crying. We experience the resulting muscle tension as a lump in the throat.
爲了增加氧氣的吸入量，自主神經系統促使我們呼吸加快，同時使聲門(喉管中氣流進入肺部的開口處)擴張。除非我們進行吞嚥動作，不然聲門的擴張本身不會讓我們產生哽咽的感覺。因爲吞嚥涉及到聲門的關閉，這與哭泣時開啓聲門的肌肉響應動作相反。這時我們感覺到肌肉緊張，也就是喉中哽咽的感覺。
