經濟增長放緩 中國大學生就業難大綱

China's labor market has so far proved resilient despite a slowing economy, but that means little to recent college graduate Wu Xiuyan.
雖然經濟增長放緩，事實證明目前爲止中國勞動力市場依然保持堅挺。不過，這對剛畢業的大學生吳秀豔（音）來說並沒有多大意義。

'My classmates and I want to find jobs in banks or foreign-trade companies, but the reality is that we can't find positions that match our education,' said Ms. Wu, 24 years old, who graduated in June from Zhejiang University of Finance and Economics. She has spent the time since then living at home and trawling recruitment websites.
吳秀豔今年24歲，6月份畢業於浙江財經學院。她說，我和同學都想在銀行或外貿公司找工作，但我們面臨的現實是找不到符合自己所學的職位。畢業之後，吳秀豔一直呆在家裏，在招聘網站上找工作。

'I just want a stable, maybe administrative, job,' she said, 'but why is it so hard?'
她說，我只想要一份穩定的工作，或許是行政類的吧，但怎麼就這麼難找呢？

China has shown little evidence of rising unemployment despite the slowest growth rate since the global financial crisis - and is nowhere near the jobless rates seen in some of the countries hardest hit by the euro-zone debt crisis. But slowing growth underscores a fundamental challenge to China's economic development: the underemployment of huge numbers of graduates that Chinese colleges are churning out.
雖然中國經歷着全球金融危機以來最低的增長速度，但鮮有證據表明其失業率正在上升。而且它的失業率遠遠不及歐債危機中某些受打擊最嚴重國家的水平。但經濟減速凸顯了中國經濟發展遇到的一個根本性挑戰：中國高校培養的大量畢業生遭遇就業難。

Experts say that many of the graduates lack skills such as critical thinking, foreign languages and basic office communications that businesses are looking for. Even small private enterprises that offer humble salaries find many graduates unsatisfactory. 'Those small sales companies that desperately need people also reject us graduates,' said Ms. Wu. 'They say we don't have social resources or work experience that they need.'
專家說，很多畢業生缺乏企業所需的批判思維、外語和基本職場溝通等技能。就連工資微薄的小型私企也覺得很多大學生難以讓人滿意。吳秀豔說，那些極度缺人的小型銷售公司也拒收我們這些畢業生，說我們沒有他們所需的社會資源或工作經驗。

At the same time, China has made only limited gains in remaking its economy so it relies more on services and innovation and less on construction and assembly-line manufacturing. That limits the markets for the lawyers, engineers and accountants that Chinese universities are producing.
與此同時，在從依賴建築和水線生產到依賴服務和創新的經濟轉型方面，中國也只取得了有限的進展。這使中國高校培養的律師、工程師和會計師就業市場狹窄。

As a result, many graduates find they can get only low-skill jobs that pay far less than they imagined they would make and see a future of limited prospects. A survey of more than 6,000 new graduates conducted last year by Tsinghua University in Beijing said that entry-level salaries of 69% of college graduates are lower than those of migrant workers who come from the countryside to man Chinese factories, a figure government statistics currently put at about 2,200 yuan ($345) a month. Graduates from lower-level universities make an average of only 1,903 yuan a month, it said.
因此，很多畢業生髮現他們只能得到工資遠少於預期的簡單工作，甚感前途渺茫。北京清華大學去年調查6,000多名應屆大學畢業生髮現，69%的畢業生起薪低於農民工。目前政府統計資料顯示，農民工一個月的工資在2,200元（345美元）左右。清華大學的調查發現，非名校畢業生的平均月薪只有1,903元。

Li Junjie graduated in June from Communication University of China, majoring in broadcast journalism. 'It is getting even harder for us to get a job than the previous graduates of my major because fewer positions are left for me and my classmates,' said the 23-year-old native of Guangdong province, who is staying with friends in Beijing as he looks for work.
李俊傑（音）6月份畢業於中國傳媒大學廣電新聞專業。這位23歲的廣東人目前正在北京找工作，他和朋友一起住。他說，現在我們找工作比前幾屆本專業的畢業生更難了，因爲留給我和我同學的崗位越來越少。'Media outlets here look for professionals or native English speakers, not fresh Chinese graduates with only a diploma.'
他說，北京媒體機構找的都是專業人士或母語爲英語的人，不是隻揣着一份文憑的國內應屆畢業生。

While worker dissatisfaction hasn't manifested itself in public protests, it is bound to be a worry for China's top leaders who regularly stress the need to avoid social instability. China's productivity gains could slow if it can't better match the demand of its current job market and the skills of its graduates.
雖然勞動者的不滿尚未表現爲公開抗議，但它肯定會引起中國高層領導人的擔憂，因爲他們經常強調維護社會穩定的重要性。如果不能更好地將當前勞動力市場的需求與大學畢業生的技能匹配起來，那麼中國勞動生產率的提升可能會放慢。

China's universities have churned out more than 39 million graduates with undergraduate or specialized degrees over the past decade, according to the Ministry of Education. People with some college education now account for about 8.9% of China's population, according to 2010 government data. While that's a much smaller proportion than the 37% of the adult population in the U.S, it's a sharp rise from China's 3.6% in 2000.
教育部數據顯示，過去10年中國高校已經培養出3,900多萬名本專科畢業生。2010年的政府數據顯示，受過一定大學教育的人目前約佔中國總人口的8.9%。雖然這個數字遠遠低於美國成年人口中37%的比例，但較中國2000年的3.6%卻是大大提高。

The employment rate of college graduates last year was 90%, according to a survey by the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences and MyCOS Research Institute, a Beijing-based education consulting firm. But only 47% of the 256,000 graduates surveyed said they feel satisfied in their current job.
根據中國社會科學院和北京教育諮詢公司麥可思研究院(MyCOS Research Institute)的調查，去年中國高校畢業生就業率爲90%。但受訪的25.6萬名學生當中，只有47%的人表示對目前的工作滿意。

'To solve the underemployment problem, you need to adjust the economy for the workforce that China has now,' said Chetan Ahya, an economist at Morgan Stanley.
摩根士丹利(Morgan Stanley)經濟學家阿赫亞(Chetan Ahya)說，要解決就業難問題，就得爲中國現有的勞動力調整經濟結構。

'High-end jobs that should have been produced by industrialization, including research, marketing and accounting etc., have been left in the West,' said Chen Yuyu, professor at Peking University's Guanghua School of Management. Referencing the trade name of Hon Hai Precision Industry Co., the Taiwan company that makes gadgets for Apple Inc. and others in Chinese factories, he said, 'We only have assembly lines in Foxconns.'
北京大學光華管理學院副教授陳玉宇說，研發、營銷和會計等本應在工業化過程中產生的高端崗位留在了西方，而我們只有富士康的流水線。富士康(Foxconn)是臺灣企業鴻海精密工業股份有限公司(Hon Hai Precision Industry Co.)的商標名稱，該公司在中國大陸的工廠爲蘋果(Apple Inc.)等公司代工生產電子產品。

A large population of college-educated workers with ambitions for better jobs could have long-term advantages, economists say. Educated labor could make China more appealing to both foreign and domestic companies hoping to add service-oriented jobs in China. The group so far also seems less likely to stir unrest than migrant workers, who in recent years have staged protests in some areas over low pay and other issues.
經濟學家說，大量受過高等教育、期待獲得更好工作的勞動者有望給中國帶來長遠優勢。受過教育的勞動者有可能使中國在希望增加服務型崗位的內外資企業面前更具吸引力。另外，目前爲止這一羣體引起社會動盪的可能性比農民工羣體更低。近幾年一些地區曾有農民工因爲工資低等問題而舉行抗議活動。

'The underemployment is more a short-term problem,' says Albert Park, professor of Economics at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. 'The demand will be there for China's graduates.'
香港科技大學(Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)經濟學教授樸之水(Albert Park)說，就業難更多的是一個短期問題，對於中國大學畢業生來說，需求是會有的。