託福TPO5閱讀真題文本翻譯及答案Part1
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託福TPO5閱讀真題文本Part1
Minerals and Plants
Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development. The soil is the source of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the soil. Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions. Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life. So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.
Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just described. Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces. Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of anthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.
Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions. This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the plants. Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitates the growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. Aeroponics, a technique in which plants are suspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without soil.
While mineral deficiencies can limit the growth of plants, an overabundance of certain minerals can be toxic and can also limit growth. Saline soils, which have high concentrations of sodium chloride and other salts, limit plant growth, and research continues to focus on developing salt-tolerant varieties of agricultural crops. Research has focused on the toxic effects of heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, and aluminum; however, even copper and zinc, which are essential elements, can become toxic in high concentrations. Although most plants cannot survive in these soils, certain plants have the ability to tolerate high levels of these minerals.
Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.
Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals-an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.
Paragraph 1: Research has shown that certain minerals are required by plants for normal growth and development. The soil is the source of these minerals, which are absorbed by the plant with the water from the soil. Even nitrogen, which is a gas in its elemental state, is normally absorbed from the soil as nitrate ions. Some soils are notoriously deficient in micro nutrients and are therefore unable to support most plant life. So-called serpentine soils, for example, are deficient in calcium, and only plants able to tolerate low levels of this mineral can survive. In modern agriculture, mineral depletion of soils is a major concern, since harvesting crops interrupts the recycling of nutrients back to the soil.
託福TPO5閱讀真題題目Part1
1. According to paragraph 1, what is true of plants that can grow in serpentine soil?
Paragraph 2: Mineral deficiencies can often be detected by specific symptoms such as chlorosis (loss of chlorophyll resulting in yellow or white leaf tissue), necrosis (isolated dead patches), anthocyanin formation (development of deep red pigmentation of leaves or stem), stunted growth, and development of woody tissue in an herbaceous plant. Soils are most commonly deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. Nitrogen-deficient plants exhibit many of the symptoms just described. Leaves develop chlorosis; stems are short and slender, and anthocyanin discoloration occurs on stems, petioles, and lower leaf surfaces. Phosphorus-deficient plants are often stunted, with leaves turning a characteristic dark green, often with the accumulation of anthocyanin. Typically, older leaves are affected first as the phosphorus is mobilized to young growing tissue. Iron deficiency is characterized by chlorosis between veins in young leaves.
2. The word "exhibit" in the passage is closest in meaning to
3. According to paragraph 2, which of the following symptoms occurs in phosphorus-deficient plants but not in plants deficient in nitrogen or iron?
4. According to paragraph 2, a symptom of iron deficiency is the presence in young leaves of
Paragraph 3: Much of the research on nutrient deficiencies is based on growing plants hydroponically, that is, in soilless liquid nutrient solutions. This technique allows researchers to create solutions that selectively omit certain nutrients and then observe the resulting effects on the plants. Hydroponics has applications beyond basic research, since it facilitatesthe growing of greenhouse vegetables during winter. Aeroponics, a technique in which plants aresuspended and the roots misted with a nutrient solution, is another method for growing plants without soil.
5. The word "facilitates" in the passage is closest in meaning to
6. According to paragraph 3, what is the advantage of hydroponics for research on nutrient deficiencies in plants?
7. The word "suspended" in the passage is closest in meaning to
Paragraph 5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.
8. Why does the author mention "herbs", "shrubs", and "trees"?
9. The word "afford" in the passage is closest in meaning to
Paragraph 6: Only recently have investigators considered using these plants to clean up soil and waste sites that have been contaminated by toxic levels of heavy metals-an environmentally friendly approach known as phytoremediation. This scenario begins with the planting of hyperaccumulating species in the target area, such as an abandoned mine or an irrigation pond contaminated by runoff. Toxic minerals would first be absorbed by roots but later relocated to the stem and leaves. A harvest of the shoots would remove the toxic compounds off site to be burned or composted to recover the metal for industrial uses. After several years of cultivation and harvest, the site would be restored at a cost much lower than the price of excavation and reburial, the standard practice for remediation of contaminated soils. For examples, in field trials, the plant alpine pennycress removed zinc and cadmium from soils near a zinc smelter, and Indian mustard, native to Pakistan and India, has been effective in reducing levels of selenium salts by 50 percent in contaminated soils.
10. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.
11. It can be inferred from paragraph 6 that compared with standard practices for remediation of contaminated soils, phytoremediation
12. Why does the author mention "Indian mustard"?
Paragraph 5: Scientists have known for some time that certain plants, called hyperaccumulators, can concentrate minerals at levels a hundredfold or greater than normal. ■A survey of known hyperaccumulators identified that 75 percent of them amassed nickel, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, lead, and cadmium are other minerals of choice. ■Hyperaccumulators run the entire range of the plant world. ■They may be herbs, shrubs, or trees. ■Many members of the mustard family, spurge family, legume family, and grass family are top hyperaccumulators. Many are found in tropical and subtropical areas of the world, where accumulation of high concentrations of metals may afford some protection against plant-eating insects and microbial pathogens.
13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Certain minerals are more likely to be accumulated in large quantities than others.
Where could the sentence best fit?
14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some answer choices do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.
Plants need to absorb certain minerals from the soil in adequate quantities for normal growth and development.
Answer Choices
has been done in an effort to develop salt-tolerant agricultural crops.
託福TPO5閱讀真題答案Part1
參考答案：
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Though beneficial in lower…
When plants do not…
託福TPO5閱讀真題文本翻譯Part1
參考翻譯：礦物質和植物
研究表明，某些礦物質是植物正常生長髮育所必需的。土壤是這些礦物質的來源，它們通過水分被植物從土壤中吸收。即使是元素狀態爲氣體的氮，也通常作爲硝酸根離子從土壤中被吸收。衆所周知，一些土壤缺乏微量營養素，因此大多數植物不能生長。例如所謂的蛇紋岩土壤，由於缺乏鈣，只有那些能忍受如此低含量的鈣的植物才能夠存活。在現代農業，土壤礦物質枯竭是一個大問題，因爲收割莊稼切斷了養分返回土壤的循環。
礦物質缺乏通常可由特定的症狀檢測出來，如褪綠(葉綠素損失導致黃葉或白葉的現象)、壞疽(孤立的壞死斑)、花青素的形成(形成深紅色葉片和莖色素沉積)、發育不良以及草本植物長木質組織。土壤最常缺乏的是氮和磷。氮缺乏植物表現出了剛纔描述的許多症狀：葉片黃化、莖短而細以及發生在莖、葉柄以及下葉表面的花青素變色。磷缺乏的植物往往發育不良，葉片變成特殊的深綠色，經常伴隨着花青素的積累。由於磷流向新生的組織，通常較老的葉片首先受到影響。鐵缺乏症的特點是嫩葉的葉脈之間萎黃。
大多數關於營養素缺乏症的研究都基於水培法，即在無土營養液中培養。這項技術允許研究人員創造缺乏某種營養素的溶液，然後觀察對植物生長造成的影響。水培法的應用已經超越了基礎研究，因爲它促進了溫室蔬菜在冬季的生長。空氣培養法，一種把植物懸掛起來，將其根部噴上營養液的技術，是另外一種無土栽培的方法。
雖然缺乏礦物質會抑制植物生長，但某些礦物質過量可能會有毒，同樣也會抑制植物生長。含有高濃度的氯化鈉和其他鹽類的鹽鹼土壤抑制植物生長，於是研究繼續集中開發耐鹽農作物品種。着重研究重金屬的毒性作用，如鉛、鎘、汞、鋁;然而即使是銅和鋅這樣的必需元素，如果濃度過高也會產生毒性。雖然大多數植物無法在這種土壤生存，某些植物卻能夠忍耐如此高含量的礦物質。
科學家早前就瞭解到，某些所謂的富集植物能夠比普通植物多集中100倍甚至更多的礦物質。一項對已知富集植物的調查表明，它們中75%積聚了鎳，而鈷、銅、鋅、錳、鉛和鎘則是其他選擇性聚集的礦物質。富集植物存在於整個世界範圍，它們可能是草本植物、灌木或樹。芥屬、大戟屬、豆科和禾本科植物中的許多成員都是靠前的富集植物。許多富集植物被發現於熱帶和亞熱帶，金屬可以爲植物提供保護，對抗植食昆蟲和細菌病原體。
